Friday, September 27, 2013

Hades

THIS IS A REQUESTED POST, SOMEONE REQUESTED THAT I WRITE A POST ON HADES SO HERE IT IS. HADES WAS THE ANCIENT GREEK GOD OF THE UNDERWORLD. EVENTUALLY, THE GOD'S NAME CAME TO DESIGNATE THE ABODE OF THE DEAD. IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY, HADES IS THE OLDEST MALE CHILD OF CRONUS AND RHEA CONSIDERING THE ORDER OF BIRTH FROM THE MOTHER, OR THE YOUNGEST, CONSIDERING THE REGULATION BY THE FATHER. THE LATTER VIEW IS ATTESTED IN POSEIDON'S SPEECH IN THE ILIAD. ACCORDING TO MYTH, HE AND HIS BROTHERS ZEUS AND POSEIDON DEFEATED THE TITANS AND CLAIMED RULERSHIP OVER THE COSMOS, RULING THE UNDERWORLD, AIR, AND SEA, RESPECTIVELY; THE SOLID EARTH, LONG THE PROVINCE OF GAIA, WAS AVAILABLE TO ALL THREE CONCURRENTLY. LATER THE GREEKS STARTED REFERRING TO THE GOD AS PLOUTON WHICH THE ROMANS LATINIZED AS PLUTO. THE ROMANS WOULD ASSOCIATE HADES/PLUTO WITH THEIR OWN CHTHONIC GODS, DIS PATER AND ORCUS. THE CORRESPONDING ETRUSCAN GOD WAS AITA. HE IS OFTEN PICTURED WITH THE THREE-HEADED DOG CERBERUS. IN THE LATER MYTHOLOGICAL TRADITION, THOUGH NOT IN ANTIQUITY, HE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HELM OF DARKNESS AND THE BIDENT. THE TERM HADES IN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY ( AND IN NEW TESTAMENT GREEK) IS PARALLEL TO HEWBREW SHEOL ("GRAVE DIRT-PIT") AND REFERS TO THE ABODE OF THE DEAD. THE CHRISTIAN CONCEPT OF HELL IS MORE AKIN TO AND COMMUNICATED BY THE GREEK CONCEPT OF TARTARUS A DEEP, GLOOMY PART OF HADES USED AS A DUNGEON OR TORMENT AND SUFFERING. IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY, HADES (THE "UNSEEN") THE GOD OF THE UNDERWORLD, WAS A SON OF THE TITANS CRONUS AND RHEA. HE HAD THREE SISTERS, DEMETER, HESTIA, AND HERA, AS WELL AS TWO BROTHERS, ZEUS, THE YOUNGEST OF THE THREE, AND POSEIDON, COLLECTIVELY COMPRISING THE ORIGINAL SIX OLYMPIAN GODS. UPON REACHING ADULTHOOD, ZEUS MANAGED TO FORCE HIS FATHER TO DISGORGE HIS SIBLINGS. AFTER THEIR RELEASE THE SIX YOUNGER GODS, ALONG WITH ALLIES THEY MANGED TO GATHER, CHALLENGED THE ELDER GODS FOR POWER IN THE TITANOMACHY, A DIVINE WAR. THE WAR LASTEDFOR TEN YEARS AND ENDED WITH THE VICTORY OF THE YOUNGER GODS. FOLLOWING THEIR VICTORY ACCORDING TO A SINGLE FAMOUS PASSAGE IN THE ILIAD (XV 187-93) HADES AND HIS TWO BROTHERS, POSEIDON AND ZEUS DREW LOTS FOR REALMS TO RULE: ZEUS GOT THE SKY, POSEIDON GOT THE SEAS, AND HADES RECEIVED THE UNDERWORLD, THE UNSEEN REALM TO WHICH THE SOULS OF THE DEAD GO UPON LEAVING THE WORLD AS WELL AS ANT AND ALL THINGS BENEATH THE EARTH. HADES OBTAINED HIS WIFE AND QUEEN PERSEPHONE, THROUGH TRICKERY AND VIOLENT ABDUCTION. THE MYTH, PARTICULARLY AS REPRESENTED IN THE HOMERIC HYMN TO DEMETER, CONNECTED THE ELEUSFINIAN MYSTERIES WITH THE OLYMPIAN PANTHEON HELIOS TOLD THE GRIEVING DEMETER THAT HADES WAS NOT UNWORTHY AS A CONSORT FOR PERSEPHONE: "AIDONEUS, THE RULER OF MANY, IS NO UNFITTING AMONG THE DEATHLESS GODS FOR YOUR CHILD, BEING YOUR OWN BROTHER AND BORN OF THE SAME STOCK: ALSO, FOR HONOR, HE HAS THAT THIRD SHARE WHICH HE RECEIVED WHEN DIVISION WAS MADE AT THE FIRST, AND IS APPOINTED LORD OF THOSE AMONG WHOM HE DWELLS." -HOMERIC HYMN TO DEMETER. DESPITE MODERN CONNOTATIONS OF DEATH AS EVIL, HADES WAS ACTUALLY MORE ALTRUISTICALLY INCLINED IN MYTHOLOGY. HADES WAS OFTEN PORTRAYED AS PASSIVE RATHER THAN EVIL; HIS ROLE WAS OFTEN MAINTAINING RELATIVE BALANCE. HADES RULED THE DEAD, ASSISTED BY OTHERS OVER WHOM HE HAD COMPLETE AUTHORITY. HE STRICTLY FORBADE HIS SUBJECTS TO LEAVE HIS DOMAIN AND WOULD BECOME QUITE ENRAGED WHEN ANYONE TRIED TO LEAVE, OR IF SOMEONE TRIED TO STEAL THE SOULS FROM HIS REALM. HIS WRATH WAS EQUALLY TERRIBLE FOR ANYONE WHO TRIED TO CHEAT DEATH OR OTHERWISE CROSSED HIM, AS SISYPHUS AND PIRITHOUS FOUND OUT THEIR SORROW. BESIDES HERACLES, THE ONLY OTHER LIVING PEOPLE WHO VENTURED TO THE UNDERWORLD WERE ALL HEROES: ODYSSEUS, AENEAS (ACCOMPANIED BY THE SIBYL) ORPHEUS, THESEUS WITH PIRITHOUS, AND IN A LATE ROMANCE, PSYCHE, NONE OF THEM WERE PLEASED WITH WHAT THEY WITNESSED IN THE REALM OF THE DEAD. IN PARTICULAR, THE GREEK WAR HERO ACHILLIES, WHOM ODYSSEUS CONJURED WITH A BLOOD LIBATION, SAID: "O SHINING ODYSSEUS, NEVER TRY TO CONSOLE ME FOR DYING. I WOULD RATHER FOLLOW THE PLOW AS THRALL TO ANOTHER MAN, ONE WITH NO LAND ALLOTTED TO HIM AND NOT MUCH TO LIVE ON, THAN BE A KING OVER ALL THE PERISHED DEAD." -ACHILLES' SOUL TO ODYSSEUS. HOMER, ODYSSEY' 11.488-491. HADES, GOD OF THE DEAD, WAS A FEARSOME FIGURE THOSE STILL LIVING; IN NO HURRY TO MEET HIM, THEY WERE RELUCTANT TO SWEAR OATHS IN HIS NAME, AND AVERTED THEIR FACES WHEN SACRIFICING TO HIM. SINCE TO MANY, SIMPLY TO SAY THE WORD "HADES" WAS FRIGHTENING, EUPHEMISMS ERE PRESSED INTO USE. SINCE PERCIOUS MINERALS COME FROM UNDER THE EARTH (I.E. THE "UNDERWORLD" RULED BY HADES) HE WAS CONSIDERED TO HAVE CONTROL OF THESE AS WELL, AND WAS REFERRED TO AS (PLOUTIN, RELATED TO "WEALTH") HENCE THE ROMAN NAME PLUTO. SOPHOCLES EXPLAINED REFERRING TO HADES AS "THE RICH ONE" WITH THESE WORDS: "THE GLOOMY HADES ENRICHES HIMSELF WITH OUR SIGHS AND OUR TEARS." IN ADDITION, HE WAS CALLED CLYMENUS ("NOTORIOUS") POLYDEMGMON ("WHO RECEIVES MANY") AND PERHAPS EUBULEUS ("GOOD COUNSEL" OR "WELL-INTENTIONED") ALL OF THEM EUPHEMISMS FOR A NAME THAT WAS UNSAFE TO PRONOUNCE, WHICH EVOLVED IN EPITHETS. ALTHOUGH HE WAS AN OLYMPIAN, HE SPENT MOST OF THE TIME IN HIS DARK REALM. FORMIDABLE IN BATTLE, HE PROVED HIS FEROCITY IN THE FAMOUS TITANOMACHY, THE BATTLE OF THE OLYMPIANS VERSUS THE TITANS, WHICH ESTABLISHED THE RULE OF ZEUS. FEARED AND LOATHED, HADES EMBODIES THE INEXORABLE FINALITY OF DEATH: "WHY DO WE LOATHE HADES MORE THAN ANY GOD, IF NOT BECAUSE HE IS SO ADAMANTINE AND UNYIELDING?" THE RHETORICAL QUESTION IS AGAMEMNON'S. HE WAS NOT, HOWEVER, AN EVIL GOD, FOR ALTHOUGH HE WAS STERN, CRUEL, AND UNPITYING, HE WAS STILL JUST. HADES RULED THE UNDERWORLD, AND WAS THEREFORE MOST OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEATH AND FEARED BY MEN, BUT HE WAS NOT DEATH ITSELF- THE ACTUAL EMBODIMENT OF DEATH WAS THANTOS. WHEN THE GREEKS PROPITIATED HADES, THEY BANGED THEIR HANDS ON THE GROUND TO BE SURE HE WOULD HEAR THEM, BLACK ANIMALS, SUCH AS SHEEP, WERE SACRIFICED TO HIM, AND THE VERY VEHEMENCE OF THE REJECTION OF HUMAN SACRIFICE HAD TO AVERT HIS FACE. ONE ANCIENT SOURCE SAYS THAT HE POSSESSED THE CAP OF INVISIBILITY. HIS CHARIOT, DRAWN BY FOUR BLACK HORSES, MADE FOR A FEARSOME AND IMPRESSIVE SIGHT. HIS OTHER ORDINARY ATTRIBUTES WERE THE NARCISSUS AND CYPRESS PANTS, THE KEY OF HADES AND CERBERUS, THE THREE-HEADED DOG, HE SAT ON AN EBONY THRONE. THE PHILOSOPHER HERACLITUS, UNIFYING OPPOSITESDECLARED THAT HADES AND DIONYSUS, THE VERY ESSENCE OF INDESTRUCTIBLE LIFE OR,ARE THE SAME GOD. AMONGST OTHER EVIDENCE KARL KERENYI NOTES THAT THE GRIEVING GODDESS DEMETER REFUSED TO DRINK WINE, WHICH IS THE GIFT OF DIONYSUS, AFTER PERSEPHONE;S ABDUCTION, BECAUSE OF THIS ASSOCIATION, AND SUGGESTS THAT HADES MAY IN FACT HAVE BEEN A 'COVER NAME' FOR THE UNDERWORLD DIONYSUS. FURTHERMORE HE SUGGEST THAT THIS DUAL IDENTITY MAY HAVE BEEN FAMILIAR TO THOSE WHO CAME INTO CONTACT WITH THE MYSTERIES. ONE OF THE EPITHETS OF DIONYSUS WAS "CHTHONIOS" MEANING "THE SUBTERRANEAN." HADES IS RARELY REPRESENTED IN CLASSICAL ARTS, SAVE IN DEPICTION OF THE RAPE OF PERSEPHONE. THE CONSORT OF HADES WAS PERSEPHONE, REPRESENTED BY THE GREEKS AS THE BEAUTIFUL DAUGHTER OF DEMETER. PERSEPHONE DID NOT SUBMIT TO HADES WILLINGLY, BUT WAS ABDUCTED BY HIM WHILE PICKING FLOWERS IN THE FIELDS OF NYSA. IN PROTEST OF HIS ACT, DEMETER CAST A CURSE ON THE LAND AND THERE WAS A GREAT FAMINE; THOUGH, ONE BY ONE, THE GODS CAME TO REQUEST SHE LIFT IT, LEST MANKIND PERISH, SHE ASSERTED THAT THE EARTH WOULD REMAIN BARREN UNTIL SHE SAW HER DAUGHTER AGAIN. FINALLY, ZEUS INTERVENED; VIA HERMES, HE REQUESTED THAT HADES RETURN PERSEPHONE. HADES COMPLIED, "BUT HE ON HIS PART SECRETLY GAVE HER SWEET POMEGRANATE SEED TO EAT, TAKING CARE DEMETER QUESTIONED PERSEPHONE ON HER RETURN TO LIGHT AND AIR: "... BUT IF YOU HAVE TASTED FOOD, YOU MUST GO BACK AGAIN BENEATH THE SECRET PLACES OF THE EARTH, THERE TO DWELL A THIRD PART OF THE SEASONS EVERY YEAR: YET FOR THE TWO PARTS YOU SHALL BE WITH ME AND OTHER DEATHLESS GODS." THIS BOUND HER TO HADES AND THE UNDERWORLD, MUCH TO THE DISMAY OF DEMETER. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER PERSEPHONE WAS ACCOMPLICE TO THE PLOY. ZEUS PROPOSED A COMPROMISE TO WHICH ALL PARTIES AGREED OF THE YEAR, PERSEPHONE WOULD SPEND ONE THIRD WITH HER HUSBAND. ITS DURING THIS TIME THAT WINTER CASTS ON THE EARTH "AN ASPECT OF SADNESS AND MOURNING." THESEUS AND PIRITHOUS PLEDGED TO KIDNAP AND MARRY DAUGHTERS OF ZEUS. THESEUS CHOSE HELEN AND TOGETHER THEY KIDNAPPED HER AND DECIDED TO HOLD ONTO TO HER UNTIL SHE WAS OLD ENOUGH TO MARRY. PIRITHOUS, CHOSE PERSEPHONE. THEY LEFT HELEN WITH THESEUS' MOTHER, AETHRA AND TRAVELED TO THE UNDERWORLD. HADES KNEW THEIR PLAN TO CAPTURE HIS WIFE, SO HE PRETENDED TO OFFER THEM HOSPITALITY AND SET A FEAST; AS SOON AS THE PAIRS SAT DOWN, SNAKES COILED AROUND THEIR FEET AND HELD THEM THERE. THESEUS WAS EVENTUALLY RESCUED BY HERACLES BUT PIRITHOUS REMAINED TRAPPED AS PUNISHMENT FOR DARING TO SEEK THE WIFE OF A GOOD FOR HIS OWN. HERACLES' FINAL LABOUR WAS TO CAPTURE CERBERUS. FIRST, HERACLES WENT TO ELEUSIS TO BE INITIATED INTO THE ELECSINIAN MYSTERIES. HE DID THIS TO ABSOLVE HIMSELF OF GUILT FOR KILLING THE CENTAURS AND TO LEARN HOW TO ENTER AND EXIT THE UNDERWORLD ALIVE. HE FOUND THE ENTRANCE TO THE UNDERWORLD AT TAENARUM, ATHENA AND HERMES HELPED HIM THROUGH AND BACK FROM HADES. HERACLES ASKED HADES FOR PERMISSION TO TAKE CERBERUS. HADES AGREED AS LONG AS HERACLES DIDN'T HARM CERBERUS. WHEN HERACLES DRAGGED THE DOG OUT OF HADES, HE PASSED THROUGH THE CAVERN ACHERUSIA. ACCORDING TO OVID, HADES PURSUED AND WOULD HAVE WON THE NYMPH MINTHE, ASSOCIATED WITH THE RIVER COCYTUS, HAD NOT PERSEPHONE TURNED MINTHE INTO THE PLANT CALLED MINT. IN OLDER GREEK MYTHS, THE REALM OF HADES IS THE MISTY AND GLOOMY ABODE OF THE DEAD (ALSO CALLED EREVUS) WERE ALL MORTALS GO. LATER GREEK PHILOSOPHY INTRODUCED THE IDEA THAT ALL MORTALS ARE JUDGED AFTER DEATH AND ARE EITHER REWARDED OR CURSED. VERY FEW MORTALS COULD LEAVE HIS REALM ONCE THEY ENTERED: THE EXCEPTIONS, HERACLES, THESEUS, ARE HEROIC. EVEN ODYSSEUS IN HIS NEKYIA (ODYSSEY XI) CALLS UP THE SPIRITS OF THE DEPARTED, RATHER THAN DESCEND TO THEM. THERE WERE SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE REALM OF HADES, INCLUDING ELYSIUM, THE ASPHODEL MEADOWS, AND TARTARUS, GREEK MYTHOGRATHERS WERE NOT PERFECTLY CONSISTENT ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE AFTERLIFE. A CONTRASTING MYTH OF THE AFTERLIFE CONCERNS THE GARDEN OF THE HESPERIDES, OFTEN IDENTIFIED WITH THE ISLES OF THE BLESSED, WHERE THE BLESSED HEROES MAY DWELL. IN ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, THE ENTRANCE TO THE UNDERWORLD LOCATED AT AVERNUS, A CRATER NEAR CUMAE, WAS THE ROUTE AENEAS USED TO DESCEND TO THE REALM OF THE DEAD. BY SYNECDOCHE "AVERNUS" COULD BE SUBSTITUTED FOR THE UNDERWORLD AS A WHOLE. THE DI INFERI WERE A COLLECTIVE OF UNDERWORLD DIVINITIES. FOR HELLENES, THE DECEASED ENTERED THE UNDERWORLD BY CROSSING THE ACHERON, FERRIED ACROSS BY CHARON (KAIR'-ON) WHO CHARGED AN OBOLUS A SMALL COIN PASSAGE PLACED IN THE MOUTH OF THE DECEASED BY PIOUS RELATIVES. PAUPERS AND THE FRIENDLESS GATHERED FOR A HUNDRED YEARS ON THE NEAR SHORE ACCORDING TO BOOK VI OF VEGIL'S AENEID. GREEKS OFFERED PROPITLATORY LIBATIONS TO PREVENT THE DECEASED FROM RETURNING TO THE UPPER WORLD TO "HAUNT' THOSE WHO HAD NOT GIVEN THEM A PROPER BURIAL. THE FAR SIDE OF THE RIVER WAS GUARDED BY CERBERUS, THE THREE-HEADED DOG DEFEATED BY HERACLES (ROMAN HERCULES). PASSING BEYOND CERBERUS, THE SHADES OF THE DEPARTED ENTERED THE LAND OF THE DEAD TO BE JUDGED. THE FIVER RIVERS OF THE REALM OF HADES, AND THEIR SYMBOLIC MEANINGS, ARE ACHERON (THE RIVER OF SORROW, OR WOE) COCYTUS (LAMENTATION) PHLEGETHON (FIRE) LETHE (OBLIVION) AND STYX (HATE) THE RIVER UPON WHICH EVEN GODS WHORE AND IN WHICH ACHILLES WAS DIPPED TO RENDER HIM INVINCIBLE. THE STYX FORMS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER WORLDS. SEE ALSO ERIDANOS. THE FIRST REGION OF HADES COMPRISES THE FIELDS OF ASPHODEL, DESCRIBED IN ODYSSEY XI, WHERE THE SHADES OF HEROES WANDER DESPONDENTLY AMONG THE LESSER SPIRITS, WHO TWITTER AROUND THEM LIKE BATS. ONLY LIBATIONS OF BLOOD OFFERED TO THEM IN THE WORLD OF THE LIVING CAN REAWAKEN IN THEM FOR A TIME THE SENSATION OF HUMANITY. BEYOND LAY EREBUS, WHICH COULD BE TAKEN FOR A EUPHONYM OF HADES, WHOSE OWN NAME WAS DREAD. THERE WERE TWO POOLS, THAT OF LETHE WHERE THE COMMON SOULS FLOCKED TO ERASE ALL MEMORY, AND THE POOL OF MNEMOSYNE ("MEMORY") WHERE THE INITIATES OF THE MYSTERIES DRANK INSTEAD. IN THE FORECOURT OF THE PALACE OF HADES AND PERSEPHONE SIT THE THREE JUDGES OF THE UNDERWORLD: MINOS, RHADAMANTHUS, AND AEACUS. THERE AT THE TRIVIUM SACRED TO HECATE, WHERE THREE ROADS MEET, THE SOULS ARE JUDGED, RETURNED TO THE FIELDS OF ASPHODEL IF THEY ARE NEITHER VIRTUOUS NOR EVIL, SENT BY THE ROADS MEET, SOULS ARE JUDGED, RETURNED TO THE FIELDS OF ASPHODEL IF THEY ARE NEITHER VIRTUOUS NOR EVIL, SENT BU THE ROAD TO TARTARUS IF THEY ARE IMPIOUS OR EVIL, ORSENT TO ELYSIUM (ISLANDS OF THE BLESSED) WITH THE "BLAMELESS" HEROES. IN THE SIBYILLINE ORACLES, A CURIOUS HODGEPODGE OF GRECO-ROMAN AND JUDAO-CHRISTIAN ELEMENTS, HADES AGAIN APPEARS AS THE ABODE OF THE DEAD, AND BY WAY OF FOLK ETYMOLOGY, IT EVEN DERIVES HADES FROM THE NAME ADAM (THE FIRST MAN) SAYINGIT IS BECAUSE HE WAS THE FIRST TO ENTER THERE. IN ANCIENT GREECE IT WAS CUSTOMARY TO PLACE A COIN IN OR ON THE MOUTH OF THE DEAD SINCE THE DEAD WERE REQUIRED TO PAY A FARE TO CHARON, THE FERRYMAN OF HADES. HADES IS THE STANDARD TRANSLATION FOR SHEOL IN THE SEPTUAGINT, JOSEPHUS PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA, AND OTHER JEWISH WORKS WRITTEN IN GREEK. IN THE GREEK VERSION OF AN OBSCURE JUDAEO-CHRISTIAN WORK KNOWN AS 3 BARUCH (NEVER CONSIDERED CANONICAL BY ANY KNOWN GROUP) "HADES" IS DESCRIBED AS A DARK, SERPENT-LIKE MONSTER OR DRAGON WHO DRINKS A CUBIT OF WATER FROM THE SEA EVERY DAY, AND IS 200 PLETHRA (20,000 GREEK FEET, 6 KILOMETERS) IN LENGTH. LIKE OTHER FIRST-CENTURY JEWS LITERATE IN GREEK, EARLY CHISTIAN USED THE GREEK WORD HADES TO TRANSLATE THE HEBREW WORLD SHEOL. THUS IN ACTS 2:27 THE HEBREW PHRASE IN PSALM 16:10 APPEARS IN THE FORM: "YOU WILL NOT ABANDON MY SOUL TO HADES."DEATH AND HADES ARE REPEATEDLY ASSOCIATED IN THE BOOK OF REVELATION. THE NEW TESTAMENT USES THE GREEK WORD HADES TO REFER TO THE ABODE OF THE DEAD, A SHADOWLIKE EXISTENCE FORGOTTEN BY THE LIVING (E.G. ACTS 2:31 REVELATION 20:13) ONLY ONE PASSAGE DESCRIBES HADES AS A PLACE OF TORMENT, THE STORY OF LAZARUS AND DIVES. HERE, JESUS DEPICTS A WICKED MAN SUFFERING FIERY TORMENT IN HADES, WHICH IS CONTRASTED WITH THE BOSOM OF ABRAHAM, AND EXPLAINS THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CROSS OVER FROM ONE LOCATION TO THE OTHER. SOME SCHOLARS BELIEVE THAT THIS PARABLE REFLECTS THE INTERTAMENTAL JEWISH VIEW OF HADES (OR SHEOL) AS CONTAINING SEPARATE DIVISIONS FOR THE WICKED AND RIGHTEOUS. IN REVELATION 20:13-14 HADES IS ITSELF THROWN INTO THE "LAKE OF FIRE: AFTER BEING EMPTIED OF THE DEAD. IN LATIN HADES COULD BE TRANSLATED AS PURGATORIUM (PURGATORY IN ENGLISH USE) AFTER ABOUT 1200 A.D. BUT NO MODERN ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS RELATES HADES TO PURGATORY. I HOPE THAT YOU ENJOYED THIS POST ON HADES AND IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO KNOW MORE ABOUT HADES THEN YOU CAN GO TO AND IF YOU LIKED THIS POST THEN PLEASE FOLLOW MY BLOG. ALSO IF YOU HAVE ANY REQUEST FOR POST THEN FEEL FREE TO ASK AND I WOULD BE HAPPY TO WRITE A POST FOR YOU.
Full Post

No comments:

Post a Comment